Advanced wireless communication techniques, like those found in 5G and beyond, require low latency while operating on high throughput streams of radio frequency (RF) data. Automatic Modulation Classification is one important method to understand how other radios are using the wireless channel. This information can be used in applications such as cognitive radios to better utilize the wireless channel and transmit information at faster rates.

Our recent work shows how to perform modulation classification in real-time by exploiting the RF capabilities offered by Xilinx RFSoC platforms. This work, lead by the University of Sydney Computer Engineering Lab, developed a non-uniform and layer-wise quantization technique to shrink the large memory footprint of neural networks to fit on the FPGA fabric. This technique preserves the classification accuracy in a real-time implementation.
This work was published at the Reconfigurable Architectures Workshop (RAW) and an open source implementation on Xilinx RFSoC ZCU111 development board is available at in the github repo.

The Edward Alexander Bouchet Graduate Honor Society is a network of preeminent scholars who exemplify academic and personal excellence, foster environments of support, and serve as examples of scholarship, leadership, character, service, and advocacy for students who have been traditionally underrepresented in the academy. 

Jeremy will fit in perfectly. His research on hardware security is exploring new ways to mitigate side channel attacks. It has resulted in several research papers in top venues. His leadership, service, and advocacy are evident during his time as an undergraduate at Howard University and throughout his PhD career at UCSD. A small sampling of this includes tutoring and mentoring elementary, high school, and undergraduate students, many of which have come from underrepresented groups. He served as President of Jacob’s Graduate Student Council where he helped organize events for engineering students to present their research with their peers to get feedback for future presentations and to young students to inspire them to pursue engineering.

Edward Bouchet was the first African American doctoral recipient in the United States. He entered Yale College (now Yale University) in 1870. He graduated in 1874 and decided to stay on a couple more years to get his PhD in Physics. Despite an impressive academic record (he got a PhD in two years!), he was unable to land a position in a college or university due to his race. He taught chemistry and physics at the School for Colored Youth in Philadelphia for more than 25 years; it was one of the few institutions that offered African Americans a rigorous academic program. 

Our research was represented prominently at the CSE Research Open House, held on January 31, 2020. The open house provides an opportunity for industry, alumni, and broader UCSD community to get a view of the research going on in our department. It consisted of research talks in the morning, demos in the afternoon, a research poster session, and awards ceremony.

Engineers for Exploration (E4E) described their latest and greatest technologies during the sustainable computing session in the morning and showed off demos in the afternoon. The featured E4E projects included our project to document Maya archaeology sites where we use state of the art imaging sensors to create large scale 3D models of archaeological site. This is then viewable in virtual reality. Another featured project is mangrove monitoring which uses drones, multispectral image sensors, machine learning for automated ecosystem classification, and other new technologies to document and understand these fragile and important ecosystems. The radio collar tracker was the final presented project. The goal is to track animals equipped with radio transmitters using drones and software defined radio. Here’s the presentation if you want more detail on these projects and the E4E program.

Michael Barrow was awarded the best poster for his research on “Data Driven Tissue Models for Surgical Image Guidance“. Michael leads this multidisciplinary project that spans across the Jacobs School of Engineering and the School of Medicine. The goal is to develop more accurate modeling and visualization of tumors, blood vessels, and other important landmarks to provide surgeons real-time feedback during the operation.

Finally, our close collaborator Tim Sherwood was honored with a CSE Distinguished Alumni awards. We have been working with Tim for almost two decades (pretty much since the time he graduated from UCSD) Our research includes a number of fundamental projects in hardware security including some of the initial work in FPGA security, 3D integrated circuit security, hardware information flow tracking, and computational blinking.

While it took much, much longer than it should have, the semiconductor industry is starting to realize that security is a critical part of the design process. Spector, Meltdown, and other high profile hardware security flaws have shown the danger of ignoring security during the design and verification process. Intel, Xilinx, Qualcomm, Broadcom, NXP and other large semiconductor companies have large and growing security teams that perform audits for their chips to help find and then mitigate security flaws.

Emerging hardware security verification tools (including those spun out of our research group from Tortuga Logic) help find potential security flaws. They are powerful at detecting flaws that violate specified security properties and providing example behaviors on how to exploit the flaw. Unfortunately, fixing these flaws remains a manual process, which is time consuming and often left without a viable solution.

VeriSketch takes a first step at automatically fixing the bugs found by the hardware verification tools. VeriSketch asks the designer to partially specify the hardware design, and then uses formal techniques to automatically fill in the sketch to create a design that is guaranteed to be devoid of the flaw. It leverages program synthesis, which automatically constructs programs that fit given specifications. VeriSketch introduces program synthesis into the hardware design world and uses security and functional constraints for the specification. This allows hardware designers to leave out details related to the control (e.g., partially constructed finite state machines) and datapath (e.g., incomplete logic constructs). VeriSketch uses formal methods to automatically derive these unknown parts of the hardware such that they meet the security constraints.

As a proof of concept, we used hardware security verification tools to show that PLCache (a well known cache that is supposedly resilient to cache side channel) does indeed have a flaw through its meta-data (more specifically the LRU bit). And we were able to use VeriSketch to automatically augment the PLCache design to remove this flaw.

More details on VeriSketch, the PLCache flaw, and other interesting hardware security verification techniques are detailed in our paper “VeriSketch: Synthesizing Secure Hardware Designs with Timing-Sensitive Information Flow Properties” presented at the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Congrats to the authors Armaiti Ardeshiricham, Yoshiki Takashima, Sicun Gao, and Ryan Kastner!

It is surprisingly easy to extract critical information from a computer chip by simply monitoring the amount of power that it consumes over time. These power side channels have been used time and time again to break otherwise secure cryptographic algorithms. Countless mitigation strategies have been used to thwart these attacks. Their effectiveness is difficult to measure since vulnerability metrics do not adequately consider leakage in a comprehensive manner. In particular, metrics typically focus on single instances in time, i.e., specific attack points, which severely underestimate information leakage especially when considering emerging attacks that target multiple places in the power consumption trace.

We developed a multidimensional metric that addresses these flaws and enables hardware designers to quickly and more effectively understand how the hardware that they develop is resistant to power side channel attacks. Our metric considers all points in time of the power trace, without assuming an underlying model of computation or leakage. This will enable the development of more secure hardware that is resilient to power side channel attacks. This work was recently published at the International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD), one of the premier forums for technical innovations in electronic design automation.

For further information see: Alric Althoff, Jeremy Blackstone, and Ryan Kastner, “Holistic Power Side-Channel Leakage Assessment: Towards a Robust Multidimensional Metric“,  International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD), November 2019 (pdf)

Deep in the heart of the Peten Basin in Eastern Guatemala lies the ruins of the ancient Maya civilization. Jungles have overtaken these ancient cities, leaving archaeologists to painstakingly excavate their ruins in order to uncover their secrets about their culture, traditions, and rituals. This process is time-consuming and tedious; archaeologists carefully tunnel into the temples and other structures using pickaxes and shovels. They manually sift through the limestone remains in hopes of finding artifacts, tombs, ancient walls, masks, and murals and better understand the usage of these structures and artifacts. The result of this is hundreds of meters of man made tunnels that burrow deep into these structures and snake across multiple levels.

Dr. Quentin Gautier successfully defended his PhD thesis which focused on using modern technologies to better document these archaeological sites. His thesis documents is a series of 3D imaging prototypes, which can generate large-scale 3D models of Maya archaeological sites. Over the years, Quentin lead the development of several generations of scanning systems and he ventured on several expeditions deep in the the Guatemala jungle to deploy these systems. The result is an unprecedented amount of data collection, which has turned into impressive 3D models that are viewable in virtual reality and other 3D visualization systems.

Quentin’s PhD journey was much like these excavations. It was at times painstaking and tedious. He is an expert system builder and this often conflicted with the unfortunate publish-or-perish model of academics. He certainly could have focused on writing more papers on incremental ideas in lieu of developing real systems that were field tested and deployed. In the end, I believe his thesis will be more impactful than these unwritten papers. The excavation sites that he helped document are windows into our past, and many of these windows have been closed as the excavations have been backfilled in order to preserve these precious sites. Quentin’s digital models will allow archaeologists and others all over the world to view these cultural heritage treasures. His system development will help our research group’s continued efforts to use modern technologies to aid in scientific purposes. And his mentorship to the countless undergraduate students (like Giovanni below) will have lasting impacts on their careers.

Congratulations Dr. Gautier and best of luck in Japan! I look forward to seeing all of the amazing systems that you develop in the future.

When Siri, Alexa, Cortana, Google Assistant or your other favorite digital assistant talk to you, they rely on neural networks to create the audio file that speaks to you. WaveNet is a deep neural network for generating audio that provides amazingly accurate results. Yet, this process is slow and cannot be performed in real-time. Our FastWave hardware architecture accelerates this process providing a 10x decrease in the time required to generate the audio file as compared to a state of the art GPU solution. This is the first hardware accelerated platform for autoregressive convolutional neural networks.

FastWave is being presented at the International Conference on Computer-aided Design (ICCAD). ICCAD is one of the top conferences for topics related to hardware design automation. The paper was developed as a project in my CSE 237C class, which teaches hardware design and prototyping using high level synthesis. Shehzeen Hussain, Mojan Javaheripi, and Paarth Neekhara developed the initial idea as a final class project. They continued their work after class and the end result is the paper, FastWave: Accelerating Autoregressive Convolutional Neural Networks on FPGA.

Our research that shows it is possible to determine the position of underwater vehicles using only ambient ocean sounds was selected as a top pick in the signal processing technical area for the Journal of Acoustical Society of America (JASA). Our algorithm provides a position estimate for underwater vehicles using ambient acoustic ocean noise as recorded by a single hydrophone onboard each vehicle.

To test our positioning algorithm, we deployed eight underwater vehicles off the coast of San Diego (shown in the red box in the figure). The vehicles are programmed to keep a depth of 6m, but otherwise drift with the ocean currents. The positions derived using only ambient underwater noise was compared with those calculated using an array of acoustic pingers (shown by green diamonds). While the vehicles were drifting, a boat circled the drifting vehicles twice (once at approximately 11 m/s and once at approximately 4 m/s); the trajectory of the boat is shown with the start and end positions indicated. The right panel shows a close up of the AUE trajectories where the red bounding box matches the box on the left panel. Deployment times for both the boat and AUE trajectories are shown by the colorbar on the right. Our position estimates using only the underwater microphones are comparable to the much more complex, difficult to deploy, nad costly localization infrastructure that uses the five buoys.

Our techniques that enable low-cost positioning of underwater vehicles have been documented before. In our previous work, we have shown how to use snapping shrimp for underwater vehicle localization. Here we show how to use other other naturally occurring ocean sounds to perform localization. All of this work, was lead by Dr. Perry Naughton and written up in his PhD thesis.

JASA TECHNICAL AREA PICK: SIGNAL PROCESSING

"Self-localization of a mobile swarm using noise correlations with local sources of opportunity"

Free through November 30th at https://t.co/aoBVO1m3l9@UCSDJacobs @ResearchUCSD @Scripps_Ocean @UGrenobleAlpes pic.twitter.com/j9WduN1fEX

— JASA (@ASA_JASA) September 17, 2019

Quentin receiving the Best Paper Award

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a common technique for robotic navigation, 3D modeling, and virtual/augmented reality. It employs a compute-intensive process that fuses images from a camera into a virtual 3D space. It does this by looking for common features (edges, corners, and other distinguishing image landmarks) over time and uses those to infer the position of the camera (i.e., localization). At the same time, it creates a virtual 3D map of the environment (i.e., mapping). Since this is a computationally expensive task, real-time applications typically can only create a crude or sparse 3D maps.

To address this problem, we built a custom computing system that can create dense 3D maps in real-time. Our system using an FPGA as a base processor. With careful design, it is possible to use an FPGA that it very efficient. “Careful design” typically equates to a painstaking, time consuming manual process to specify the low level architectural details needed to obtain efficient computation.

Our paper “FPGA Architectures for Real-time Dense SLAM” (Quentin Gautier, Alric Althoff, and Ryan Kastner) describes the results of our system design. This was recently published, presented, and awarded the best paper at the IEEE International Conference on Application-specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (ASAP). The paper details the different parts of the InfinitiTAM algorithm, describes the best techniques for accelerating the algorithms, and presents two open-source complete end-to-end system implementations for the SLAM algorithms. The first targets a lower power and portable programmable SoC (Terasic DE1) and the other a more powerful desktop solution (Terasic DE5).

We have found that many SLAM algorithms barely run out of the box. And it is even more challenging to get a hardware accelerated version working. We hope that our open-source repository will be valuable to the broader community and enable them to develop even more powerful solutions.

Links:
Dense SLAM for FPGAs Repository and Technical Paper.

As part of this year’s Design Automation Conference, I participated on the panel “Architecture, IP, or CAD: What’s Your Pick for SoC Security?”. That’s a bunch of acronyms and buzzwords related to the question of how to build more secure computer chips. DAC is one of the oldest, largest and most prestigious conferences in electronics design. It was also the first big research conference that I attended; I went to DAC in New Orleans in 1999 as an undergraduate (which was an eye opening experience in many regards), so I guess this was my 20th DAC anniversary.

I’ve been doing research in the hardware security space for a while now (more than 15 years!). I’ve seen this community grow from a niche academic community into a major focus at DAC (there were security sessions almost non-stop this year). And it was nice to see more hardware security companies on the floor including the amazing Tortuga Logic (full disclosure: I am a co-founder). Security clearly has become a major research and market push for the semiconductor and EDA industries.

I was the “academic” on this panel with two folks from industry — Eric Peeters from Texas Instruments and Yervant Zorian from Synopsys. Serge Leef from DARPA was the other panelist. Serge just went to DARPA from Mentor Graphics and is looking to spend a lot of our taxpayers money on hardware security. A very wise investment in my totally impartial opinion. I’m guessing that most of the audience was there to hear what Serge had to say and to see if any money fell out of his pockets as he left the room.

The panel started with short (5 min) presentations from each panelist and then there was a lot of time for Q&A from the moderator (the great Swarup Bhunia) and the audience.

My presentation talking points focused on how academics, industry, and government should interact in this space. My answer: industry and government should give lots of funding for academic research (again, I’m totally not biased here…). I also argued that there really isn’t all that much interesting research left in hardware IP security, which I defined as Trojans, PUFs, obfuscation, and locking. Finally, I gave some research areas that are more interesting for research including formalizing threat models and figuring out how to debug hardware security vulnerabilities. Both are no small tasks, and my research group is making strides in both.

During the open discussion there were many other interesting points related to industry’s main interests (root of trust, not Trojans, …), the number of hardware vulnerabilities there are in the wild, metrics, hardware security lifecycle, and so on.

It was a quick visit Vegas (~1 day), but you brought back some good memories, gave me some great food, and didn’t take too much of my money. All and all, a successful trip.

-Ryan